Abstract

Leveraging molecular pharmaceutics, chemical engineering processes, and molecular biology, edible vaccines are currently revolutionizing vaccine delivery paradigms. Current developments optimize production, post-translational modifications, and immunological efficacy by focusing on antigen manufacturing at the nuclear and chloroplast compartments. Reliable mucosal uptake is made possible by chemical stabilization techniques that address gastrointestinal breakdown, most notably nanostructured cellulose encapsulation and biopolymer matrices. Adaptability against region-specific disease burdens is improved by novel crop systems that can deploy switchable genetic modules or stack multi-antigen complexes. Concurrently, the incorporation of micronutrient-rich matrices adds a distinct immuno-nutritional component to the effectiveness of vaccines. With the application of digital traceability infrastructures and biosafety regulations that reduce the hazards of environmental dissemination, process engineering is evolving towards scalable, GMP-aligned field manufacturing. These synergistic molecular and process breakthroughs collectively frame edible vaccines as an emergent biopharmaceutical modality with profound implications for decentralized, low-cost, and widely accessible immunization strategies. This review provides insight into translational pathways, biosafety strategies, and future objectives for clinical integration by clarifying new molecular and technological advancements in plant-based edible vaccines.